Epizootics in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): clinical aspects

Authors

  • Ursula Siebert Forschungs - und Technologiezentrum Westküste, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Werftstr. 6, D-25761 Büsum, Germany
  • Frances Gulland Veterinary Science Department, Center for Marine Animal Health and The Marine Mammal Center, 1065 Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA, 94965, U.S.A.
  • Timm Harder O.I.E. und Nationales Referenzlabor für Aviäre Influenza, Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Boddenblick 5a, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
  • Thierry Jauniaux Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, University of Liege, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
  • Henrike Seibel Forschungs - und Technologiezentrum Westküste, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Werftstr. 6, D-25761 Büsum, Germany
  • Peter Wohlsein Institut für Pathologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
  • Wolfgang Baumgärtner Institut für Pathologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2689

Keywords:

harbour seals, epizootics, Influenza A, Phocine Distemper Virus, PDV

Abstract

Epizootic diseases causing considerable mortality in harbour seal populations have mainly been reported from the waters of the United States and Europe. Such die-offs were largely attributable to viral infections. Several hundred individuals died from respiratory infections caused by Influenza A viruses at the coast of New England, USA, in 1979, 1980 and 1982. More than 53,000 harbour seals were killed in European waters by Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV), a morbillivirus,in two outbreaks in 1988 and 2002. For several other epizootics of smaller scale in the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific coast of the USA and, most recently, in Danish and Swedish waters in 2007 the causes remain unclear, although characteristic respiratory symptoms and interstitial pneumonia suspicious of viral etiology were detected as well as occasionally bacterial infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mass mortalities caused by biotoxins, direct human interactions or changes in oceanographic conditions have so far not been described for harbour seals. However, high organochlorine loads detected in European harbour seal populations and suspected to impede immune functions, were considered an aggravating factor in the 1988 morbillivirus epizootic. Establishing supranational stranding networks is a key prerequisite for the detection of future unusual die-offs in marine mammals. Detailed post-mortem investigations of all organ systems are essential for targeted etiological studies towards the causes of mass mortalities in seals.

Author Biography

Ursula Siebert, Forschungs - und Technologiezentrum Westküste, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Werftstr. 6, D-25761 Büsum, Germany

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Published

2010-09-01

How to Cite

Siebert, U., Gulland, F., Harder, T., Jauniaux, T., Seibel, H., Wohlsein, P., & Baumgärtner, W. (2010). Epizootics in harbour seals (<i>Phoca vitulina</i>): clinical aspects. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 8, 265–274. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2689

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