Subject expression in a Southeastern U.S. Mexican community
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7557/1.8.2.4870Keywords:
subject expression; pronouns; Mexican Spanish; U.S. Spanish; morphosyntactic variationAbstract
Through an analysis of immigrant Spanish in Georgia, potential contact-induced language change is investigated through the lens of subject pronoun expression. Pronoun variation among Mexican speakers is examined using sociolinguistic interview data. Tokens of subject pronouns (N = 4,649) were coded for linguistic variables previously shown to constrain subject expression (e.g. person/number, tense-mood-aspect [TMA], polarity) as well as social variables (e.g. English proficiency, age), and then analysed using multivariate analyses in Rbrul. Results indicate an overall pronoun rate of 27%, which is slightly higher than what has been reported for monolingual Mexican Spanish. Several linguistic variables (e.g. person/number, switch-reference, morphological ambiguity, polarity) and one social variable (age) played a significant role in pronoun variation. Moreover, differential effects were revealed when compared to monolingual Mexican Spanish for variables such as TMA. These findings point in the direction of dialect contact influences and the presence of a unique variety of Mexican Spanish in the U.S.
References
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Barrenechea, A.M., & A. Alonso. (1977). Los pronombres personales sujetos en el español hablado en Buenos Aires. In J.M. Lope Blanch (Ed.), Estudios sobre el español hablado en las principales ciudades de América. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, pp. 333–49.
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Bayley, R. & L. Pease-Alvarez. (1997). Null pronoun variation in Mexican-descent children’s narrative discourse. Language Variation and Change 9, pp. 349–71.
Bentivoglio, P. (1987). Los sujetos pronominales de primera persona en el habla de Caracas. Caracas: Central University of Venezuela.
Bentivoglio, P., L.A. Ortiz, & C. Silva-Corvalán. (2011) La variable expresión del sujeto pronominal. Guía de codificación. In PRESEEA – Grupo de análisis de expresión de sujetos. Retrieved from http://preseea.linguas.net/portals/0/metodologia /guia_codificacion _ sujetos_julio_2011.pdf
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Lapidus, N., & R. Otheguy. (2005). Overt nonspecific ellos in Spanish in New York. Spanish in Context 2(2), pp. 157–74.
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Cameron, R. (1994). Switch reference, verb class and priming in a variable syntax. In Papers from the regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: Parasession on variation in linguistic theory 30, pp. 27–45.
Carter, P.M. (2014). National narratives, institutional ideologies, and local talk: The discursive production of Spanish in a 'new' US Latino community. Language in Society 43(2), pp. 209-40.
Carvalho, A.M., & R.M. Bessett. (2015). Subject pronoun expression in Spanish in contact with Portuguese. In A.M. Carvalho, R. Orozco, & N.L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, pp. 143-65.
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Enríquez, E. (1984). El pronombre personal sujeto en la lengua española hablada en Madrid. Madrid: CSIC.
Erker, D. & G.R. Guy. (2012). The role of lexical frequency in syntactic variability: Variable subject personal pronoun expression in Spanish. Language 88, pp. 526-57.
Flores, N. & J. Toro. (2000). The persistence of dialect features under conditions of contact and leveling. The Southwest Journal of Linguistics 19(2), pp. 31-42.
Flores-Ferrán, N. (2002). Subject personal pronouns in Spanish narratives of Puerto Ricans in New York City: A sociolinguistic perspective. Munich: Lincom.
Flores-Ferrán, N. (2004). Spanish subject personal pronoun use in New York City Puerto Ricans: Can we rest the case of English contact? Language Variation and Change 16, pp. 49-73.
Flores-Ferrán, N. (2007). Los mexicanos in New Jersey: Pronominal expression and ethnolinguistic aspects. In J. Holmquist, A. Lorenzino & L. Sayahi (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 85-91.
Geeslin, K., & A. Gudmestad. (2016). Subject expression in Spanish: Contrasts between native and non-native speakers for first and second-person singular referents Spanish in Context 13(1), pp. 53-79.
Geeslin, K., B. Linford, & S. Fafulas. (2015). Variable subject expression in second language Spanish: Uncovering the developmental sequence and predictive linguistic factors. In A.M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N.L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, pp. 191-210.
Hochberg, J.G. (1986). Functional compensation for /s/ deletion in Puerto Rican Spanish. Language 62(3), pp. 609-21.
Johnson, D.E. (2009). Getting off the Goldvarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for mixed-effects variable rule analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass 3(1), pp. 359–83.
Klee, C.A. & A. Lynch. (2009). El español en contacto con otras lenguas. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lamanna, S.G. (2012). Colombian Spanish in North Carolina: The role of language and dialect contact in the formation of a new variety of U.S. Spanish. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.
Lapidus, N., & R. Otheguy. (2005). Overt nonspecific ellos in Spanish in New York. Spanish in Context 2(2), pp. 157–74.
Lastra, Y., & P. Martín Butragueño. (2015). Subject pronoun expression in oral Mexican Spanish. In A.M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N.L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, pp. 39-57.
Lozano, C. (2009). Selective deficits at the syntax-pragmatics interface: Evidence from the CEDEL2 corpus. In N. Snape, Y. Ingrid Leung & M. Sharwood Smith (Eds.), Representational deficits in second language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 127-66.
McKnight, R. (2013). Pronombres de sujeto en Raleigh. Raleigh, NC: Master’s thesis, North Carolina State University.
Michnowicz, J. (2015). Subject pronoun expression in contact with Maya in Yucatan Spanish. In A.M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N.L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press. pp. 101-119.
Montes-Alcalá, C., & L. Sweetnich. (2014). Español en el Sureste de EEUU: El papel de las actitudes lingüísticas en el mantenimiento o pérdida de la lengua. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 12(23), pp. 77-92.
Morales, A. (1997). La hipótesis funcional y la aparición del sujeto no nominal: El español de Puerto Rico. Hispania 80, pp. 153–65.
Motel, S., & E. Patten. (2013). 2011, Hispanics in the United States statistical portrait’ Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org/2013/02/15/2011-statistical-information-on-hispanics-in-united-states/#change-in-the-hispanic-population-by-state-2000-and-2011
Olloqui de Montenegro, L. (1987). Un aspecto de la sintaxis: Los pronombres personales sujeto en el habla estudiantil santiaguera. In H. López Morales & M. Vaquero (Eds.), Actas del I Congreso Internacional sobre el Español de América San Juan, Puerto Rico: Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española. pp. 753–64.
Orozco, R., & G. Guy. (2008). El uso variable de los pronombres sujetos: ¿Qué pasa en la costa Caribe colombiana? In M. Westmoreland & J. Antonio Thomas (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 70-80.
Orozco, R. (2015). Pronominal variation in Colombian Costeño Spanish. In A.M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N.L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press. pp. 17-37.
Orozco, R. (2016). Subject pronoun expression in Mexican Spanish: ¿Qué pasa en Xalapa? In Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America Vol. 1, Article 7. pp. 1-15.
Otheguy, R., A.C. Zentella, & D. Livert. (2007). Language and dialect contact in Spanish in New York: Toward the formation of a speech community. Language 83, pp. 770-802.
Otheguy, R. & A.C. Zentella. (2012). Spanish in New York: Language contact, dialectal leveling, and structural continuity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Poplack, S., & S. Levey. (2010). Contact induced grammatical change: A cautionary tale. In P. Auer & J. Erich Schmidt (Eds.), Language and space: An international handbook of linguistic variation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 391-419.
Prada Pérez, A. de. (2009). Subject expression in Minorcan Spanish: Consequences of contact with Catalan. PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.
Prada Pérez, A. de. (2015). First person singular subject pronoun expression in Spanish in contact with Catalan. In A.M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N.L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective Georgetown: Georgetown University Press. pp. 121-142.
Ranson, D.L. (1991). Person marking in the wake of /s/ deletion in Andalusian Spanish. Language Variation and Change 3, pp. 133-52.
Sankoff, G. (2006). Age: Apparent time and real time. In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 110-116.
Shin, N.L. (2012). Variable use of Spanish subject pronouns by monolingual children in Mexico. In K. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 14th Hispanic linguistics symposium Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 130-141.
Shin, N.L. (2014). Grammatical complexification in Spanish in New York: 3sg pronoun expression and verbal ambiguity. Language Variation and Change 26, pp. 303-30.
Shin, N.L., & D. Erker. (2015). The emergence of structured variability in morphosyntax: Childhood acquisition of Spanish subject pronouns. In A.M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N.L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press. pp. 169-190.
Shin, N.L., & C. Montes-Alcalá. (2014). El uso contextual del pronombre sujeto como factor predictivo de la influencia del inglés en el español en Nueva York. Sociolinguistic Studies 8(1), pp. 85-110.
Shin, N.L., & R. Otheguy. (2009). Shifting sensitivity to continuity of reference: Subject pronoun use in Spanish in New York City. In M. LaCorte & J. Leeman (Eds.), Español en Estados Unidos y otros contextos: Sociolingüística, ideología y pedagogía Madrid: Iberoamericana. pp. 111-36.
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Published
2019-11-18
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Limerick, P. (2019). Subject expression in a Southeastern U.S. Mexican community. Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics, 8(2), 243–273. https://doi.org/10.7557/1.8.2.4870
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