Addressing epistemic injustices in species at risk assessments through improved credibility and legitimacy: case study of narwhal management in Ittoqqortoormiit
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7557/3.7371Keywords:
epistemic injustices, narwhals, quotas, hunting, narratives, species management, decolonialityAbstract
The regulation of seal and whale hunting in Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) belongs to the Naalakkersuisut (National Government), which is notably informed by the work of the Scientific Committee (SC) of the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). Since 2004, quotas were set in Kalaallit Nunaat to regulate hunting practices and promote ecologically sustainable harvesting. In South East Greenland, the SC's recommendations for the closure of the narwhal (Monodon monoceros or qialuar) hunt since 2019 has met both national disagreement and local resistance due to a desire to preserve the long-standing relation with narwhals organised around hunting, which is strongly intertwined within place-based communities’ experiences. The situation requires further attention to deploy an informed dialogue in the light of both available literature and local narratives capturing knowledge and values which are underrepresented within scientific discussions, as are social sciences. Grounded in repetitive and long-standing research fieldwork in Ittoqqortoormiit, and extensive qualitative data collection from 2019 to 2023, the article shows that community members express strong attachment and concern towards narwhal hunting together with the social, economic and cultural importance of mattak (narwhal skin). Local narratives also suggest that the resistance against limitations on narwhal hunting is not to be understood only as a conservatism that aims to preserve traditional hunting practices or about sustaining economic incomes for hunters, but in a significant way as protest against epistemic injustices, resulting from a feeling of being systematically unheard, distrusted and uninvolved in decision-making processes. Together with the expression of concern and attachment for narwhal hunting, the tensions between scientific knowledge and local value and knowledge were reiterated while shared concern for the preservation of the species is affirmed. We show that legitimacy and credibility of the scientific evidence and species management are contested. Ultimately, we ascertain the situation of epistemic injustices and raise the need to shift towards decolonial practices to open the possibility for the emergence of a fair and respectful dialogue that would support narwhal preservation, through securing hunters' material living conditions, community food security, and ensuring consideration and respect is given to individual and collective immaterial dimensions associated with narwhal.
References
Affatati, A., & Camerlenghi, A. (2023). Effects of marine seismic surveys on free-ranging fauna: A systematic literature review. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1222523 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1222523
Allen, A. (2016). The end of progress: Decolonizing the normative foundations of critical theory. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/alle17324
Baker, S., & Constant, N. L. (2020). Epistemic justice and the integration of local ecological knowledge for marine conservation: Lessons from the Seychelles. Marine Policy, 117, 103921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103921 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103921
Boertmann, D., & Bay, C. (2018). Grønlands Rødliste 2018 – Fortegnelse over grønlandske dyr og planters trusselstatus [Greenland's Red List 2018 - List of Greenlandic animals and plants' threat status]. Aarhus Universitet, Nationalt Center for Energi og Miljø (DCE) og Grønlands Naturinstitut.
Breed, G. A., Matthews, C. J. D., Marcoux, M., Higdon, J. W., LeBlanc, B., Petersen, S. D., Orr, J., Reinhart, N. R., & Ferguson, S. H. (2017). Sustained disruption of narwhal habitat use and behavior in the presence of Arctic killer whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(10), 2628–2633. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611707114 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611707114
Burawoy, M. (1998). The Extended Case Method. Sociological Theory, 16(1), 4–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00040 https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00040
Byskov, M. F. (2021). What Makes Epistemic Injustice an “Injustice”? Journal of Social Philosophy, 52(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12348 https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12348
Cash, D. W., Clark, W. C., Alcock, F., Dickson, N. M., Eckley, N., Guston, D. H., Jäger, J., & Mitchell, R. B. (2003). Knowledge systems for sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(14), 8086–8091. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231332100 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231332100
Chang, D. (2020). Tensions in contemporary Indigenous and animal advocacy struggles: The commercial seal hunt as a case study. In K. S. Montford & C. Taylor (Eds.), Colonialism and animality: Anti-colonial perspectives in critical animal studies. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003013891-2
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed). SAGE.
Dahl, J. (2000). Saqqaq: An Inuit hunting community in the modern world. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442679573
Datta, R. (2018). Traditional storytelling: An effective Indigenous research methodology and its implications for environmental research. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 14(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180117741351 https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180117741351
Dietz, R., Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Born, E. W., & Glahder, C. M. (1994). Occurrence of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in East Greenland. Notices on Greenland, 39, 69–86. https://doi.org/10.7146/mogbiosci.v39.142535
Doan, M. (2018). Resisting Structural Epistemic Injustice. Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.5206/fpq/2018.4.6230 https://doi.org/10.5206/fpq/2018.4.6230
Dutta, U., Azad, A. K., & Hussain, S. M. (2022). Counterstorytelling as Epistemic Justice: Decolonial Community-based Praxis from the Global South. American Journal of Community Psychology, 69(1–2), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12545 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12545
Exec. Order No. 2, 12, Allaffissornikkut najoqqutassiat, Nalunaarurit [Administrative regulation, Home Rule Government of Greenland] (2004). https://nalunaarutit.gl/Groenlandsk-lovgivning/2004/bkg-02-2004?sc_lang=kl-GL https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-6937(04)00132-7
Exec. Order No. 7, 29, Allaffissornikkut najoqqutassiat, Nalunaarurit [Administrative regulation, Self-government of Greenland] (2011). https://nalunaarutit.gl/Groenlandsk-lovgivning/2011/bkg-07-2011?sc_lang=kl-GL
Exec. Order No. 3, 27, Allaffissornikkut najoqqutassiat, Nalunaarurit [Administrative regulation, Self-government of Greenland] (2017). https://nalunaarutit.gl/Groenlandsk-lovgivning/2017/bkg-03-2017?sc_lang=kl-GL
Ferguson, S. H., Higdon, J. W., & Chmelnitsky, E. G. (2010). The Rise of Killer Whales as a Major Arctic Predator. In S. H. Ferguson, L. L. Loseto, & M. L. Mallory (Eds.), A Little Less Arctic: Top Predators in the World’s Largest Northern Inland Sea, Hudson Bay. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9121-5_6 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9121-5_6
Ferguson, S. H., Higdon, J. W., & Westdal, K. H. (2012). Prey items and predation behavior of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Nunavut, Canada based on Inuit hunter interviews. Aquatic Biosystems, 8(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-9063-8-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-9063-8-3
Freeman, M. M. R. (1998). Inuit, Whaling, and Sustainability. Rowman Altamira.
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001
Fricker, M. (2017). Evolving Concepts of Epistemic Injustice. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina & G. Pohlhaus Jr. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315212043-5
Garde, E., Tervo, O. M., Sinding, M.-H. S., Nielsen, N. H., Cornett, C., & Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. (2022). Biological parameters in a declining population of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in Scoresby Sound, Southeast Greenland. Arctic Science, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0009 https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2021-0009
Grasswick, H. (2017). Epistemic Injustice in Science. In I. J. Kidd, J. Medina & G. Pohlhaus Jr. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315212043-31
Hamilton, C. D., Lydersen, C., Aars, J., Acquarone, M., Atwood, T., Baylis, A., Biuw, M., Boltunov, A. N., Born, E. W., Boveng, P., Brown, T. M., Cameron, M., Citta, J., Crawford, J., Dietz, R., Elias, J., Ferguson, S. H., Fisk, A., Folkow, L. P., … Kovacs, K. M. (2022). Marine mammal hotspots across the circumpolar Arctic. Diversity and Distributions, 28(12), 2729–2753. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13543 https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13543
Heide-Jørgensen, Garde, E., Hansen, R. G., Tervo, O. M., Sinding, M.-H. S., Witting, L., Marcoux, M., Watt, C., Kovacs, K. M., Reeves, R. (2021a, February 2). Reply to Nuttall et al.'s suggestion for community based narwhal conservation [Reply in eLetters section to Nuttall et al. (2020) on the article “Narwhals require targeted conservation”]. Science. 370(6515), 1. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe7105
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Blackwell, S. B., Tervo, O. M., Samson, A. L., Garde, E., Hansen, R. G., Ngô, M. C., Conrad, A. S., Trinhammer, P., Schmidt, H. C., Sinding, M.-H. S., Williams, T. M., & Ditlevsen, S. (2021b). Behavioral Response Study on Seismic Airgun and Vessel Exposures in Narwhals. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 658173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.658173 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.658173
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Chambault, P., Jansen, T., Gjelstrup, C. V. B., Rosing-Asvid, A., Macrander, A., Víkingsson, G., Zhang, X., Andresen, C. S., & MacKenzie, B. R. (2023). A regime shift in the Southeast Greenland marine ecosystem. Global Change Biology, 29(3), 668–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16494 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16494
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Garde, E., Hansen, R. G., Tervo, O. M., Sinding, M.-H. S., Witting, L., Marcoux, M., Watt, C., Kovacs, K. M., & Reeves, R. R. (2020). Narwhals require targeted conservation. Science, 370(6515), 416–416. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe7105
Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., & Lage, J. (2022). On the availability bias in narwhal abundance estimates. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 12. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.6518 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.6518
Heide‐Jørgensen, M. P., Nielsen, N. H., Hansen, R. G., Schmidt, H. C., Blackwell, S. B., & Jørgensen, O. A. (2015). The predictable narwhal: Satellite tracking shows behavioural similarities between isolated subpopulations. Journal of Zoology, 297(1), 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12257 https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12257
Herrmann, T. M., Brunner Alfani, F., Chahine, A., Doering, N., Dudeck, S., Elster, J., Fjellheim, E., Henriksen, J. E., Hermansen, N., Holmberg, A., Kramvig, B., Nystø Keskitalo, A. M., Omma, E. M., Saxinger, G., Scheepstra, A., & van der Schot, J. (2023). CO-CREATE Comprehensive Policy-Brief to the EU Commission. Roadmap to Decolonial Arctic Research [Policy Brief]. 10100916 b. https://doi.org/10.25365/PHAIDRA.400
Hobbs, R. C., Reeves, R. R., Prewitt, J. S., Desportes, G., Breton-Honeyman, K., Christensen, T., Citta, J. J., Ferguson, S. H., Frost, K. J., Garde, E., Gavrilo, M., Ghazal, M., Glazov, D. M., Gosselin, J.-F., Hammill, M., Hansen, R. G., Harwood, L., Heide-Jorgensen, M. P., Inglangasuk, G., ... Watt, C. A. (2019). Global Review of the Conservation Status of Monodontid Stocks. Marine Fisheries Reviews, 81(3-4). https://doi.org/10.7755/MFR.81.3–4.1
Hoover, C., Bailey, M., Higdon, J., Ferguson, S. H., & Sumaila, R. (2013). Estimating the Economic Value of Narwhal and Beluga Hunts in Hudson Bay, Nunavut. Arctic, 66(1), 1–16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23594602 https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4261
Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2021). Ethical and Equitable Engagement Synthesis Report: A collection of Inuit rules, guidelines, protocols, and values for the engagement of Inuit Communities and Indigenous Knowledge from Across Inuit Nunaat [Synthesis Report]. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/project/icc-ethical-and-equitable-engagement-synthesis-report/
Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2022). Circumpolar Inuit Protocols for Equitable and Ethical Engagement. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/project/circumpolar-inuit-protocols-for-equitable-and-ethical-engagement/
Keenan, E., Fanning, L. M., & Milley, C. (2018). Mobilizing Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit in Narwhal Management through Community Empowerment: A Case Study in Naujaat, Nunavut. Arctic, 71(1), 27–39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26387328 https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic4699
Kovach, M. (2017). Doing indigenous methodologies—a letter to a research class. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE.
Laidre, K. L., Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., & Orr, J. R. (2006). Reactions of Narwhals, Monodon monoceros, to Killer Whale, Orcinus orca, Attacks in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 120(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i4.355 https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i4.355
Lefort, K. J., Garroway, C. J., & Ferguson, S. H. (2020). Killer whale abundance and predicted narwhal consumption in the Canadian Arctic. Global Change Biology, 26(8), 4276–4283. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15152 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15152
Lowry, L., Laidre, K., & Reeves, R. (2017). Monodon monoceros (e.T13704A50367651) [dataset]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13704A50367651.en https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13704A50367651.en
Madison, D. S. (2020). Critical ethnography: Method, ethics, and performance (3rd ed.). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878965
Madsen, J. C. (2009). Udsteder og bopladser i Grønland 1901-2000 [Issuer and residences in Greenland 1901-2000]. Atuagkat.
Maldonado-Torres, N. (2007). On the Coloniality of Being. Cultural Studies, 21(2–3), 240–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162548 https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162548
Mignolo, W. D., & Walsh, C. E. (2018). On Decoloniality: Concepts, Analytics, Praxis. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822371779 https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822371779
Mikkelsen, E. (1934). De Østgrønlandske Eskimoers Historie [The East Greenlandic Inuit's History]. SAGA Egmont.
Moezzi, M., Janda, K. B., & Rotmann, S. (2017). Using stories, narratives, and storytelling in energy and climate change research. Energy Research & Social Science, 31, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.034 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.034
NAMMCO. (2017a). Report of the 24th meeting of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee. NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/24th-scientific-committee-meeting-report.pdf
NAMMCO. (2017b). Report of the NAMMCO-JCNB Joint Scientific Working Group on Narwhal and Beluga. NAMMCO & JCNB. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/jcnb-jwg-report-march-2017-final-for-webs.pdf
NAMMCO. (2021). Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on Narwhal in East Greenland. NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/final-report_negwg_2021.pdf
NAMMCO. (2022). Report of the Joint Disturbance Workshop of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee Working Group on the population status of narwhal and beluga, and the Canada/Greenland Joint Commission on narwhal and beluga Scientific Working Group. NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/nammco-jcnb-disturbance-workshop-dec2022_final-reportexsum_revfeb2023.pdf
NAMMCO. (2023a). Report of the 29th meeting of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee. NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/report-sc29_15032023_rev.pdf
NAMMCO. (2023b). Report of the Meeting of the Management Committee for Cetaceans. NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/nammco30-mcc-report-17032023.pdf
NAMMCO. (2023c). Report of the Scientific Committee Ad hoc Working Group on Narwhal in East Greenland. NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/report_negwg-2023.pdf
NAMMCO. (2023d). Minutes—Working Group on enhancing user involvement in NAMMCO decision making (UIWG). NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/minutes_june2023.pdf
NAMMCO. (2024). Report of the 30th meeting of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee. NAMMCO. https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/report_sc30_final.pdf
Nielsen, M. R., & Meilby, H. (2013). Quotas on Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) Hunting in East Greenland: Trends in Narwhal Killed per Hunter and Potential Impacts of Regulations on Inuit Communities. Human Ecology, 41(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9558-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9558-4
Nuttall, M. (2016). Narwhal Hunters, Seismic Surveys, and the Middle Ice: Monitoring Environmental Change in Greenland’s Melville Bay. In S. A. Crate & M. Nuttall (Eds.), Anthropology and Climate Change (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Nuttall, M., Flora, J., & Andersen, A. O. (2020, December 21). Towards Community-Based Narwhal Conservation in Greenland. [Reply in eLetters section to Heide-Jørgensen et al. (2020) on the article “Narwhals require targeted conservation”]. Science, 370(6515), 1. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe7105 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe7105
Nweeia, M. T. (2024). Biology and Cultural Importance of the Narwhal. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 12(1), 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-112307 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-112307
Ottinger, G. (2017). Making sense of citizen science: Stories as a hermeneutic resource. Energy Research & Social Science, 31, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.014
Petersen, R. (1995). Colonialism as Seen from a Former Colonized Area. Arctic Anthropology, 32(2), 118–126. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316390
Remili, A., Dietz, R., Sonne, C., Iverson, S. J., Roy, D., Rosing-Asvid, A., Land-Miller, H., Pedersen, A. F., & McKinney, M. A. (2022). Validation of quantitative fatty acid signature analysis for estimating the diet composition of free-ranging killer whales. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11660-4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11660-4
Rud, S. (2017). Kapitel 5: Grønland til Debat 1905-1939 [Chapter 5: Greenland for debate 1905-1939]. In H. C. Gulløv (Ed.), Grønland: Den arktiske koloni [Greenland: the Arctic colony]. Gad.
Sandré, T., & Gherardi, J.-M. (in press). An Arctic Bounded by Whiteness: Ethics of Amplification. In J. Schmidt & S. Meisch (Eds.), Ethics of Planetary Boundaries (provisory).
Sandré, T., Gherardi, J.-M., Madsen, O., Zhu, Z., & Vanderlinden, J.-P. (Directors). (2023). Inuuniddinni Ilaaralaaor [Part of us] [Short Documentary]. CEARC Research Center. https://vimeo.com/843981469
Sandré, T., Wardekker, A., & Gherardi, J. (2024). While waiting for the sea ice: Stories of changes from Ittoqqortoormiit. In S. Bremer & A. Wardekker (Eds.), Changing seasonality: How Communities are Revising their Seasons. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111245591 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111245591-007
Shuert, C. R., Marcoux, M., Hussey, N. E., Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Dietz, R., & Auger-Méthé, M. (2022). Decadal migration phenology of a long-lived Arctic icon keeps pace with climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(45), e2121092119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121092119 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121092119
Singer, C. L., Routh, M. R., Grabke, M. J., Andrew, L., Carrière, S., Guile, A., Andre, A., Thompson, A., Simmons, D., Cooper, K., Yonge, L., Rabesca, M., Larter, N. C., Jacobsen, P., Nathoo, R., Winbourne, J., & Bathe, A. (2023). Equal use of Indigenous and scientific knowledge in species assessments: A case study from the Northwest Territories, Canada. Biological Conservation, 281, 109995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109995 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.109995
Small, M. L. (2009). `How many cases do I need?’: On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. Ethnography, 10(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108099586 https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108099586
Sowa, F. (2015). Kalaalimernit: The Greenlandic taste for local foods in a globalised world. Polar Record, 51(3), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247414000187 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247414000187
Tejsner, P. (2014). Quota disputes and subsistence whaling in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland. Polar Record, 50(4), 430–439. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247414000242 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247414000242
Tervo, O. M., Blackwell, S. B., Ditlevsen, S., Garde, E., Hansen, R. G., Samson, A. L., Conrad, A. S., & Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. (2023). Stuck in a corner: Anthropogenic noise threatens narwhals in their once pristine Arctic habitat. Science Advances, 9(30), eade0440. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade0440 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade0440
Tervo, O. M., Ditlevsen, S., Ngô, M. C., Nielsen, N. H., Blackwell, S. B., Williams, T. M., & Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. (2021). Hunting by the Stroke: How Foraging Drives Diving Behavior and Locomotion of East-Greenland Narwhals (Monodon monoceros). Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 596469. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.596469 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.596469
Ugarte, F., Rosing-Asvid, A., Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., & Laidre, K. L. (2020). Marine Mammals of the Greenland Seas. In M. I. Goldstein & D. A. DellaSala, Encyclopedia of the World’s Biomes. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.12485-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.12485-6
Vanderlinden, J.-P., Baztan, J., Chouinard, O., Cordier, M., Da Cunha, C., Huctin, J.-M., Kane, A., Kennedy, G., Nikulkina, I., Shadrin, V., Surette, C., Thiaw, D., & Thomson, K. T. (2020). Meaning in the face of changing climate risks: Connecting agency, sensemaking and narratives of change through transdisciplinary research. Climate Risk Management, 29, 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100224
Wardekker, A., Doloisio, B. N., Sandré, T., & Huctin, J.-M. (2022). Framework for analyzing resilience narratives (report no.: SeMPER-Arctic D5.1) [Technical report]. Arjan Wardekker's Lab, University of Bergen. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23323.13603
Williams, T. M., Blackwell, S. B., Tervo, O., Garde, E., Sinding, M. S., Richter, B., & Heide‐Jørgensen, M. P. (2022). Physiological responses of narwhals to anthropogenic noise: A case study with seismic airguns and vessel traffic in the Arctic. Functional Ecology, 36(9), 2251–2266. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14119 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14119
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Tanguy Sandré, Jean-Paul Vanderlinden, Jeanne-Marie Gherardi, Zhiwei Zhu, Fern Wickson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
