Sjøsamenes rettigheter til fiske i det tradisjonelle samiske bosettingsområdet: En sammenstilling av det eksisterende kunnskapsgrunnlaget

Irene Vanja Dahl; Endalew Lijalem Enyew

doi:10.7557/7.8351

Authors

Irene Vanja Dahl UiT The Arctic University of Norway https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6593-589X
Endalew Lijalem Enyew UiT The Arctic University of Norway https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-1158

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7557/7.8351

Keywords:

Sjøsamisk kultur, sjøsamisk fiske, urfolk, menneskerettigheter, havrett

Abstract

Denne rapporten er en sammenstilling av det eksisterende kunnskapsgrunnlaget når det gjelder sjøsamenes rettigheter til fiske i det tradisjonelle samiske bosettingsområdet. Rapporten gir et omriss av historien til sjøsamene, slik denne er dokumentert gjennom flere tidligere utredninger, særlig Kystfiskeutvalgets utredning (NOU 2008: 5 Retten til fiske i havet utenfor Finnmark) og Sannhets- og forsoningskommisjonens rapport til Stortinget (Dokument 19 (2022–2023) Sannhet og forsoning – grunnlag for et oppgjør med fornorskingspolitikk og urett mot samer, kvener/norskfinner og skogfinner). Det er særlig to statlige tiltak som har rammet sjøsamene negativt: statens fornorskningspolitikk som startet i andre halvdel av 1800-tallet og innføringen av fartøykvoter i 1989. Ved førstnevnte ble sjøsamene i stor grad fratatt sitt språk. Ved sistnevnte ble de i stor grad fratatt sin tradisjonelle levevei. Rapporten analyserer for det første relevante folkerettslige kilder, hvoretter Norge er forpliktet til å sikre grunnlaget for denne delen av samisk kultur. Et sentralt funn er at, selv om eksisterende generelle menneskerettsinstrumenter og urfolksspesifikke instrumenter ikke fastsetter uttrykkelige bestemmelser som anerkjenner urfolks rettigheter til tradisjonelt brukte marine områder og tilhørende ressurser, disse instrumenter kan tolkes og anvendes på en måte som anerkjenner samenes rettigheter til marine områder og ressurser. På samme måte, fraværet av uttrykkelige referanser til urfolk i UNCLOS ikke innebærer at konvensjonen begrenser eller utelukker urfolks rettigheter. Snarere viser vi at internasjonale menneskerettigheter som gjelder urfolk, kan påvirke tolkningen av de eksisterende reglene og prinsippene i havretten. For det andre analyserer rapporten den rettslige oppfølgingen av Kystfiskeutvalgets forslag i lys av relevante menneskerettigheter. I denne sammenhengen er Fosen-saken fra 2021 av betydning, og rapporten diskuterer hvorvidt Høyesteretts argumentasjon for at det forelå brudd på menneskerettighetene til reindriftsutøverne på Fosen, har overføringsverdi til sjøsamenes rettsstilling i dag.

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Author Biographies

Irene Vanja Dahl, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

Irene Dahl er professor i rettsvitenskap ved Det juridiske fakultet, UiT Norges arktiske universitet og tilknyttet Norsk senter for havrett (NCLOS).
Endalew Lijalem Enyew, UiT The Arctic University of Norway

Endalew Lijalem Enyew er førsteamanuensis i rettsvitenskap og leder for forskningsgruppen for same- og urfolksrett ved Det juridiske fakultet ved UiT Norges arktiske universitet.

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