The Transformation of Bilingualism in Ukraine: Language Practices and National Identity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7557/6.8955Keywords:
communication, bilingualism, language choice, language practices, national identification, national belonging, sociopolitical context, Russian aggressionAbstract
This article examines the transformation of Ukrainian–Russian bilingualism in Ukraine after Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022, focusing on changes in the dominant language of everyday interpersonal communication and the relationship between language choice and national self-identification.
The analysis of available sociological and empirical evidence indicates that the shift towards Ukrainian is not limited to a change in language use.The shift in language use after 2022 has been accompanied by a change in the social meaning of language choice. For the speakers represented in the analysed studies, choosing Ukrainian serves as a way of emphasizing their Ukrainian national belonging. Thus, the transformation concerns not only which language people use in everyday communication, but also what their language choice expresses in the changed sociopolitical context.
References
Bilaniuk, L. (2005). Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine. Cornell University Press.
Bilaniuk, L. (2010). Language in the balance: The politics of non-accommodation in bilingual Ukrainian-Russian television shows. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2010(201), 105–133. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2010.006
Bilaniuk, L. (2020). Linguistic conversions: Nation-building on the self. Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Societies, 6(1), 59–82.
European Parliament. (2025). Resolution on Russia’s disinformation and historical falsification to justify its war of aggression against Ukraine (2024/2988(RSP).
Finnin, R., & Kozachenko, I. (2022). Beyond ‘Narrating the Nation’: Cultural Producers and Multilingualism in Wartime Ukraine. In W. Ayres-Bennett & L. Fisher (Eds.), Multilingualism and Identity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 43–68). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108780469.003
Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism as Ideology and Practice. In: Heller, M. (ed) Bilingualism: A Social Approach. Palgrave Advances in Linguistics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230596047_1
Houwer, AD. (2018). Language Choice in Bilingual Interaction. In: De Houwer A, Ortega L, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, 324-348
KIIS. (2024). Dynamics of attitudes towards the status of the Russian language in Ukraine. Kyiv International Institute of Sociology.
Krylova-Grek, Y. (2022). Psycholinguistic approach to the analysis of manipulative and indirect hate speech in media. East European Psycholinguistics, 9(2), 82–97.
Kudriavtseva, N. (2025). New speakers of Ukrainian: Ideologies of linguistic conversion. Language in Society, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404525101711
Kulyk, V. (2011a). Beliefs about language status and corpus in focus group discussions on the Ukrainian language policy. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2011(212), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2011.047
Kulyk, V. (2011b). Language identity, linguistic diversity and political cleavages: Evidence from Ukraine. Nations and Nationalism, 17(3), 627–648)
Kulyk, V. (2023a). What have we learned about ethnonational identities in Ukraine? Nationalities Papers, 51(5), 975–990. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2023.41
Kulyk, V. (2023b). Мова та ідентичність в Україні на кінець 2022-го [Language and identity in Ukraine at the end of 2022]. Zbruč. https://zbruc.eu/node/114247
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology. (2022). Dynamics of the ethnic composition and language preferences of the population of Ukraine.
Malash, O. (2023). Language Consciousness and Language Behavior of Ukrainians in the Full-Scale War: Discussions and Language Activism. Studia Linguistica, 22, 99–115. https://doi.org/10.17721/StudLing2023.22.99-115
OHCHR. (2024). Human rights situation during the Russian occupation of territory of Ukraine and its aftermath: 24 February 2022–31 December 2023. United Nations.
OPORA. (2024). Як окупанти знищують українську культуру на Сході України [How occupiers destroy Ukrainian culture in Eastern Ukraine].
Orobchuk, D. (2024). Charting language shift through Ukraine’s social media actors. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 66(3–4), 431–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.2024.2415177
Pavlenko, A. (2008). Russian in post-Soviet countries. Russian Linguistics, 32(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-007-9020-1
Rabus, A. (2025). Ukrainian Linguistic Creativity and Decolonial Resistance: A Twitter Analysis. Digital War, 6, 7. https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00103-9
Racek, D., Davidson, B. I., Thurner, P. W., et al. (2024). The Russian war in Ukraine increased Ukrainian language use on social media. Communications Psychology, 2, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-023-00045-6
Rating Sociological Group. (2022). The language issue in Ukraine.
Rating Sociological Group. (2024). Language use and linguistic preferences in Ukraine.
Razumkov Centre. (2024). The Identity of Ukraine’s Citizens: Trends of Change (June 2024). https://razumkov.org.ua/en/research-areas/surveys/the-identity-of-ukraine-s-citizens-trends-of-change-june-2024?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Spolsky, B. (2004). Language Policy. Cambridge University Press.
Zalizniak, H. (2023). Language as an indicator of the Ukrainian national identity and civilization choice of the Kyivans. Ukrainian Language, 2(86), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2023.02.072
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuliya Krylova-Grek

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.