Distribution and habitat use of deep-diving cetaceans in the central and north-eastern North Atlantic

Authors

  • Nadya C. Ramirez-Martinez Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany
  • Gísli A. Víkingsson Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Reykjavík, Iceland
  • Nils I. Øien Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
  • Bjarni Mikkelsen Faroese Museum of Natural History, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
  • Thorvaldur Gunnlaugsson Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Reykjavík, Iceland
  • Philip S. Hammond Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7557/3.7416

Keywords:

Deep-diving cetaceans, habitat use, North Atlantic, summer distribution

Abstract

Major changes in the distribution of some cetaceans have been observed coincident with changing oceanography of the North Atlantic in the last 30 years. This study aimed to improve understanding of the underlying ecological drivers of any changes in deep-diving cetacean distribution. We used data from two series of summer surveys (in Iceland-Faroes and Norway) to model density of sperm (Physeter macrocephalus), long-finned pilot (Globicephala melas) and northern bottlenose (Hyperoodon ampullatus) whales as a function of static (relief), physical, and biological oceanographic covariates using GAMs. The best models, based on a robust model selection framework, were used to predict distribution. The study period was divided into two periods, 1987‑1989 and 1998-2015, based on environmental changes in the area and data availability. The common covariates that best explained these three species’ distributions (in both periods) were bathymetric variables and SST. The selected dynamic temperature-related covariates for sperm and pilot whales were for spring, but for bottlenose whales were for summer. Summer relationships were also found for the three species for the other dynamic variables, except spring chlorophyll-a for bottlenose whales. The difference in seasonal relationships for bottlenose whales may be related to a previously suggested north-south summer migration. As expected, the predicted high-use areas for all three species were deep waters, with some overlap among them in the central Norwegian Sea, and the Central North Atlantic, including the Irminger Sea. Differences in distribution likely reflect differences in prey. Changes in distribution between the two periods appear more as a range expansion than a shift, which could result from an increase in suitable habitat due to warming waters. This new knowledge will help improve understanding of how these species may respond over this wide area to a changing environment and inform their conservation.

References

Abend, A. G., & Smith, T. D. (1999). Review of Distribution of the Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas) in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE, (117), 22. Retrieved from http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/tm/tm117/tm117index.htm

Alves, F., Quérouil, S., Dinis, A., Nicolau, C., Ribeiro, C., Freitas, L., … Fortuna, C. (2013). Population structure of short-finned pilot whales in the oceanic archipelago of Madeira based on photo-identification and genetic analyses: Implications for conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 23(5), 758–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2332 https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2332

Astthorsson, O. S., Valdimarsson, H., Gudmundsdottir, A., & Óskarsson, G. J. (2012). Climate-related variations in the occurrence and distribution of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in Icelandic waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69(7), 1289–1297. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss084 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss084

Baumgartner, M. F., Mullin, K. D., May, L. N., & Leming, T. D. (2001). Cetacean habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 99(2), 219–239.

Benjaminsen, T., & Christensen, I. (1979). The natural history of the bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus (FORSTER). In H. E. Winn & B. L. Olla (Eds.), Behaviour of marine animals (3rd ed., pp. 143–164). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2985-5_5 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2985-5_5

Bjørke, H. (2001). Predators of the squid Gonatus fabricii (Lichtenstein) in the Norwegian Sea. Fisheries Research, 52(1–2), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00235-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00235-1

Bloch, D., Desportes, G., Zachariassen, M., & Christensen, I. (1996). The northern bottlenose whale in the Faroe Islands, 1584-1993. Journal of Zoology, 239(1), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05441.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05441.x

Buckland, S. T., Bloch, D. R., Cattanach, K. L., Gunnlaugsson, T., Hoydall, K., Lens, S., & Sigurjónsson, J. (1993). Distribution and abundance of long-finned pilot whales in the North Atlantic, estimated from NASS-87 and NASS-89 data. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 14(special issue), 33–49. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Distribution-and-abundance-of-long-finned-pilot-in-Buckland-Bloch/cc753bbd6396b2046fee3f0fe37ee7802f4162fe

Christensen, I., Haug, T., & Øien, N. I. (1992). Seasonal distribution, exploitation and present abundance of stocks of large baleen whales (Mysticeti) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in norwegian and adjacent waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 49(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/49.3.341 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/49.3.341

Clarke, M. R. (1996). Cephalopods as prey. III. Cetaceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 351(1343), 1053–1065. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0093 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0093

Compton, R. C. (2004). Predicting key habitat and potential distribution of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. University of Plymouth.

Desportes, G., & Mouritsen, R. (1993). Preliminary results on the diet of long-finned pilot whales off the Faroe Islands. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 14(special issue), 305–324.

Drinkwater, K. F., Belgrano, A., Borja, A., Conversi, A., Edwards, M., Greene, C. H., … Walker, H. (2003). The response of freshwater ecosystems to climate variability associated with the North Atlantic oscillation. In J. W. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, & M. Visbeck (Eds.), Geophysical Monograph Series (pp. 211–234). Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1029/134GM12 https://doi.org/10.1029/134GM10

Fernández, R., Pierce, G. J., MacLeod, C. D., Brownlow, A., Reid, R. J., Rogan, E., … Santos, M. B. (2014). Strandings of northern bottlenose whales, Hyperoodon ampullatus, in the north-east Atlantic: Seasonality and diet. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 94(6), 1109–1116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541300180X https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541300180X

Greene, C., & Pershing, A. J. (2004). North Atlantic right whales: the right whale at the wrong time? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(1), 29–34. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3868292 https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0029:CATCBO]2.0.CO;2

Gunnlaugsson, T., Víkingsson, G. A., & Pike, D. G. (2009). Combined line-transect and cue-count estimate of sperm whale abundance in the North Atlantic, from Icelandic NASS-2001 shipboard survey. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 7, 73. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2706 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2706

Hansen, C., Kvaleberg, E., & Samuelsen, A. (2010). Anticyclonic eddies in the Norwegian Sea; their generation, evolution and impact on primary production. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 57(9), 1079–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.05.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.05.013

Hastie, G. D., Wilson, B., Wilson, L. J., Parsons, K. M., & Thompson, P. M. (2004). Functional mechanisms underlying cetacean distribution patterns: Hotspots for bottlenose dolphins are linked to foraging. Marine Biology, 144(2), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1195-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1195-4

Hátún, H., Payne, M. R., Beaugrand, G., Reid, P. C., Sandø, A. B., Drange, H., … Bloch, D. (2009). Large bio-geographical shifts in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean: From the subpolar gyre, via plankton, to blue whiting and pilot whales. Progress in Oceanography, 80(3–4), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.001

Hijmans, R. J. (2017). Raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling (Vol. 1). Vol. 1. version 2.6-7. https://cran.r-project.org/package=raster. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=raster

Hooker, S. K., Iverson, S. J., Ostrom, P., & Smith, S. C. (2001). Diet of northern bottlenose whales inferred from fatty-acid and stable-isotope analyses of biopsy samples. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79(8), 1442–1454. https://doi.org/10.1139/z01-096 https://doi.org/10.1139/z01-096

Hooker, S. K., Whitehead, H., & Gowans, S. (1999). Marine Protected Area Design and the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Cetaceans in a Submarine Canyon (Diseño de Areas Marinas Protegidas y la Distribución Espacial y Temporal de Cetaceos en un Cañón Submarino). Conservation Biology, 13(3), 592–602. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98099.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98099.x

Houghton, L., Ramirez-Martinez, N., Mikkelsen, B., Víkingsson, G., Gunnlaugsson, T., Øien, N. I., & Hammond, P. (2020). Oceanic Drivers of Sei Whale Distribution in the North Atlantic. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.5211 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.5211

Hoydal, K., & Lastein, L. (1993). Analysis of Faroese catches of pilot whales (1709-1992), in relation to environmental variations. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 14(special issue), 89–106.

Huse, G., MacKenzie, B. R., Trenkel, V., Doray, M., Nøttestad, L., & Oskarsson, G. (2015). Spatially explicit estimates of stock sizes, structure and biomass of herring and blue whiting, and catch data of bluefin tuna. Earth System Science Data, 7(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-35-2015 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-35-2015

ICES. (1992). Report of the study group on pilot whales. In ICES C.M. Montreal, 3-4 December 1991.

IWC. (1990). Report to the Scientific Committee. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 40, 39–80.

IWC. (2012). Report of the Scientific Committee. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 13 SUPPL.(SUPPL.), 1–405.

Laran, S., & Drouot-Dulau, V. (2007). Seasonal variation of striped dolphins, fin- and sperm whales’ abundance in the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87(1), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407054719 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407054719

Leterme, S. C., & Pingree, R. D. (2008). The Gulf Stream, rings and North Atlantic eddy structures from remote sensing (Altimeter and SeaWiFS). Journal of Marine Systems, 69(3–4), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11.022

MacLeod, C. D., Weir, C. R., Pierpoint, C., & Harland, E. J. (2007). The habitat preferences of marine mammals west of Scotland (UK). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87(1), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407055270 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315407055270

Martin, A. R., & Clarke, M. R. (1986). The Diet of Sperm Whales (Physeter Macrocephalus) Captured Between Iceland and Greenland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 66(4), 779–790. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400048426 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400048426

Mead, J. G. (1989). Bottlenose Whales – Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster, 1770) and Hyperoodon planifrons (Fowler, 1882). In S. H. Ridgway & S. R. Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of marine mammals. Volume 4: River dolphins and the larger toothed whales (First, pp. 321–348). London, UK.: Academic Press.

Méndez-Fernandez, P., Pierce, G. J., Bustamante, P., Chouvelon, T., Ferreira, M., González, A. F., … Caurant, F. (2013). Ecological niche segregation among five toothed whale species off the NW Iberian Peninsula using ecological tracers as multi-approach. Marine Biology, 160(11), 2825–2840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2274-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-013-2274-9

Miller, P. J. O., Kvadsheim, P. H., Lam, F. P. A., Tyack, P. L., Curé, C., DeRuiter, S. L., … Hooker, S. K. (2015). First indications that northern bottlenose whales are sensitive to behavioural disturbance from anthropogenic noise. Royal Society Open Science, 2(6), 140484. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140484 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140484

Moore, S. E. (2008). Marine mammals as ecosystem sentinels. Journal of Mammalogy, 89(3), 534–540. https://doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-s-312r1.1 https://doi.org/10.1644/07-MAMM-S-312R1.1

Moore, S. E., & Huntington, H. P. (2008). Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecological Applications, 18(2 Supplement), S157–S165. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0571.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/06-0571.1

NAMMCO. (1997). Scientific Committee Report of the Working Group on Abundance Estimates. Reykjavik, 21-23 February 1997: North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. Retrieved from North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission website: https://nammco.no/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/12-sc-25_report_aewg_may-rev-october-2018_rev.pdf

NAMMCO. (1998). Annual Report 1997. In NAMMCO. Tromsø, Norway: North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0090484 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0090484

NAMMCO. (2019). Northern Bottlenose Whale. Retrieved from https://nammco.no/topics/bottlenose_whale/#1478699758629-7da126c3-48a6

Nøttestad, L., Krafft, B. A., Anthonypillai, V., Bernasconi, M., Langård, L., Mørk, H. L., & Fernö, A. (2015). Recent changes in distribution and relative abundance of cetaceans in the Norwegian Sea and their relationship with potential prey. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2(January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2014.00083 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2014.00083

OBPG. (2014). Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua Photosynthetically Available Radiation Data: 2014 Reprocessing. NASA OB. DAAC. Greenbelt, MD: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Ocean Biology Processing Group. https://doi.org/10.5067/AQUA/MODIS/L3B/PAR/2014

O’Callaghan, S. A., Griffin, B., Levesque, S., Gammell, M., & O’Brien, J. (2024). Female, juvenile, and calf sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus (Linnaeus 1758) records from Ireland. Ecology and Evolution, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70056 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70056

Øien, N. I. (2009). Distribution and abundance of large whales in Norwegian and adjacent waters based on ship surveys 1995-2001. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 7, 31–47. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2704 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2704

Øien, N. I., & Bøthun, G. (2009). Trends in local abundance of large whales in the Northeast Atlantic, based on Norwegian surveys 1987-2004. IWC, SC/57/O11, 1–7.

Olson, P. A. (2018). Pilot Whales. In W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig, & J. G. M. Thewissen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (pp. 701–705). San Diego, CA : Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00194-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00194-1

Pike, D. G. (2009). Introduction. In C. Lockyer & D. Pike (Eds.), North Atlantic Sightings Surveys: Counting whales in the North Atlantic, 1987-2001 (Vol. 7, pp. 7–18). https://doi.org/10.7557/3.7 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.7

Pike, D. G., Gunnlaugsson, T., Desportes, G., Mikkelsen, B., Vikingsson, G. A., & Bloch, D. (2019). Estimates of the relative abundance of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) in the Northeast Atlantic from 1987 to 2015 indicate no long-term trends. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 11. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.4643 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.4643

Pike, D. G., Gunnlaugsson, T., Mikkelsen, B., Halldórsson, S. D., & Víkingsson, G. (2019). Estimates of the abundance of cetaceans in the central North Atlantic based on the NASS Icelandic and Faroese shipboard surveys conducted in 2015. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 11, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.4941 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.4941

Pike, D. G., Gunnlaugsson, T., Mikkelsen, B., Halldórsson, S. D., Víkingsson, G., Acquarone, M., & Desportes, G. (2020). Estimates of the Abundance of Cetaceans in the Central North Atlantic from the T-NASS Icelandic and Faroese Ship Surveys Conducted in 2007. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 11. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.5269 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.5269

Pirotta, E., Matthiopoulos, J., MacKenzie, M., Scott-Hayward, L., & Rendell, L. (2011). Modelling sperm whale habitat preference: A novel approach combining transect and follow data. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 436, 257–272. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09236 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09236

QGIS Development Team. (2018). QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. QGIS Desktop 2.18.15. Retrieved from https://www.qgis.org/de/

R Core Team. (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Redfern, J. V, Ferguson, M. C., Becker, E. A., Hyrenbach, K. D., Good, C., Barlow, J., … Werner, F. (2006). Techniques for cetacean – habitat modeling. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 310, 271–295. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps310271 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps310271

Reeves, R. R., Mitchell, E., & Whitehead, H. (1993). Status of the northern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon ampullatus. Canadian Field-Naturalist, (107), 490–508. Retrieved from http://whitelab.biology.dal.ca/sh/bnwstat.htm https://doi.org/10.5962/p.357189

Rice, D. W. (1989). Sperm whale. In S. H. Ridgway & S. R. Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of marine mammals. Volume 4: River dolphins and the larger toothed whales (First, pp. 177–234). London, UK.: Academic Press.

Roberts, J. J., Best, B. D., Mannocci, L., Fujioka, E., Halpin, P. N., Palka, D. L., … Lockhart, G. G. (2016). Habitat-based cetacean density models for the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Scientific Reports, 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22615 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22615

Rogan, E., Cañadas, A., Macleod, K., Santos, M. B., Mikkelsen, B., Uriarte, A., … Hammond, P. S. (2017). Distribution, abundance and habitat use of deep diving cetaceans in the North-East Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 141(April), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.015

Santos, M. B., Monteiro, S. S., Vingada, J. V., Ferreira, M., López, A., Martínez Cedeira, J. A., … Pierce, G. J. (2014). Patterns and trends in the diet of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) in the northeast Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science, 30(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12015 https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12015

Santos, M. B., Pierce, G. J., Boyle, P. R., Reid, R. J., Ross, H. M., Patterson, I. A. P., … Hernández-García, V. (1999). Stomach contents of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus stranded in the North Sea 1990-1996. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 183, 281–294. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps183281 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps183281

Santos, M. B., Pierce, G. J., Smeenk, C., Addink, M. J., Kinze, C. C., Tougaard, S., & Herman, J. (2001). Stomach contents of northern bottlenose whales Hyperoodon ampullatus stranded in the North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 81(1), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401003484 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315401003484

Sathyendranath, S., Groom, S., Grant, M., Brewin, R. J. W., Thompson, A., Chuprin, A., … Zibordi, G. (2016). ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci). Centre for Environmental Data Analysis. https://doi.org/10.5285/b0d6b9c5-14ba-499f-87c9-66416cd9a1dc

Schleimer, A., Ramp, C., Plourde, S., Lehoux, C., Sears, R., & Hammond, P. S. (2019). Spatio-temporal patterns in fin whale Balaenoptera physalus habitat use in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 623, 221–234. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13020 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13020

Servidio, A., Pérez‐Gil, E., Pérez‐Gil, M., Cañadas, A., Hammond, P. S., & Martín, V. (2019). Site fidelity and movement patterns of short‐finned pilot whales within the Canary Islands: Evidence for resident and transient populations. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(S1), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3135 https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3135

Sigurjónsson, J., & Gunnlaugsson, T. (1990). Recent trends in abundance of blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off west and southwest Iceland with a note on occurrence of other cetacean species. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 40, 537–551.

Sigurjónsson, J., & Víkingsson, G. A. (1997). Seasonal abundance of and estimation of food consumption by cetaceans in Icelandic and adjacent waters. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 22, 271–287. https://doi.org/10.2960/J.v22.a20 https://doi.org/10.2960/J.v22.a20

Sigurjónsson, J., Vikingsson, G. A., & Lockyer, C. (1993). Two mass strandings of pilot whales (Globicephala melas) on the coast of Iceland. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 14(special issue), 407–424.

Silva, T., Gislason, A., Licandro, P., Marteinsdóttir, G., Ferreira, A. S. A., Gudmundsson, K., & Astthorsson, O. S. (2014). Long-term changes of euphausiids in shelf and oceanic habitats southwest, south and southeast of Iceland. Journal of Plankton Research, 36(5), 1262–1278. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbu050 https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbu050

Skern-Mauritzen, M., Lindstrøm, U., Biuw, M., Elvarsson, B., Gunnlaugsson, T., Haug, T., … Víkingsson, G. (2022). Marine mammal consumption and fisheries removals in the Nordic and Barents Seas. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 79(May), 1583–1603. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac096 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac096

Solvang, H. K., Skaug, H. J., & Øien, N. I. (2015). Abundance estimates of common minke whales in the Northeast Atlantic based on survey data collected over the period 2008-2013. In International Whaling Commission SC/66a/RMP/8.

Taylor, B. L., Baird, R. W., Dawson, S. M., Ford, J., Mead, J. G., Sciara, N. G., … Pitman, R. L. (2008). Hyperoodon ampullatus, North Atlantic Bottlenose Whale. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: E.T10707A3208523., 8235. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10707A3208523.en https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10707A3208523.en

Trenkel, V. M., Huse, G., MacKenzie, B. R., Alvarez, P., Arrizabalaga, H., Castonguay, M., … Speirs, D. C. (2014). Comparative ecology of widely distributed pelagic fish species in the North Atlantic: Implications for modelling climate and fisheries impacts. Progress in Oceanography, 129(PB), 219–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.04.030

Valdimarsson, H., Astthorsson, O. S., & Palsson, J. (2012). Hydrographic variability in Icelandic waters during recent decades and related changes in distribution of some fish species. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69(5), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss027 https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss027

Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern applied statistics with S. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2

Verborgh, P., De Stephanis, R., Pérez, S., Jaget, Y., Barbraud, C., & Guinet, C. (2009). Survival rate, abundance, and residency of long-finned pilot whales in the strait of Gibraltar. Marine Mammal Science, 25(3), 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00280.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00280.x

Víkingsson, G. A., Pike, D. G., Desportes, G., Øien, N. I., Gunnlaugsson, T., & Bloch, D. (2009). Distribution and abundance of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Northeast and Central Atlantic as inferred from the North Atlantic Sightings Surveys 1987-2001. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 7, 49–72. Retrieved from https://septentrio.uit.no/index.php/NAMMCOSP/article/view/2705 https://doi.org/10.7557/3.2705

Víkingsson, G. A., Pike, D. G., Valdimarsson, H., Schleimer, A., Gunnlaugsson, T., Silva, T., … Hammond, P. S. (2015). Distribution, abundance, and feeding ecology of baleen whales in Icelandic waters: have recent environmental changes had an effect? Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 3(February), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00006 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00006

Virgili, A., Authier, M., Boisseau, O., Cañadas, A., Claridge, D., Cole, T., … Ridoux, V. (2019). Combining multiple visual surveys to model the habitat of deep-diving cetaceans at the basin scale: Large-scale modelling of deep-diving cetacean habitats. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28(3), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12850 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12850

Whitehead, H. (2003). Sperm whales: social evolution in the ocean. University of Chicago Press.

Whitehead, H. (2018). Sperm Whale. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (pp. 919–925). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00242-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00242-9

Whitehead, H., & Hooker, S. K. (2010). Status of northern bottlenose whales. NAMMCO SC/63/SM4, (NAMMCO 2009), 1–11.

Whitehead, H., & Hooker, S. K. (2012a). Uncertain status of the northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus: Population fragmentation, legacy of whaling and current threats. Endangered Species Research, 19(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00458

Whitehead, H., & Hooker, S. K. (2012b). Uncertain status of the northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus: Population fragmentation, legacy of whaling and current threats. Endangered Species Research, 19(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00458 https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00458

Whitehead, H., MacLeod, C. D., & Rodhouse, P. (2003). Differences in niche breadth among some teuthivorous mesopelagic marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science, 19(2), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01118.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01118.x

Woo, K., Isojunno, S., & Miller, P. (2023). Habitat use of the northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus near Jan Mayen, North Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 718(0), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14374 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14374

Wood, S. N. (2011). Fast stable REML and ML estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. Journal of Royal Statistical Society. Series B, 73(1), 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x

Wood, S. N. (2017). Generalized additive models: an introduction with R (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315370279

Zachariassen, P. (1993). Pilot whale catches in the Faroe Islands. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 14(special issue), 69–88.

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2024-12-19

How to Cite

Ramirez-Martinez, N. C., Víkingsson, G. A., Øien, N. I. ., Mikkelsen, B., Gunnlaugsson, T., & Hammond, P. S. . (2024). Distribution and habitat use of deep-diving cetaceans in the central and north-eastern North Atlantic. NAMMCO Scientific Publications, 13. https://doi.org/10.7557/3.7416

Issue

Vol. 13 (2024): Marine Mammals in the North Atlantic (II)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Nadya C. Ramirez-Martinez, Gísli A. Víkingsson, Nils I. Øien, Bjarni Mikkelsen, Thorvaldur Gunnlaugsson, Philip S. Hammond

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2