"Nordic Aspirations"

The Scottish discourse on the Nordic region

Authors

  • Laila Berg Høgskolen i Østfold

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7557/13.6867

Keywords:

the Nordic region, Scotland, Scottish independence, discourse, identity

Abstract

This article explores the Scottish discourse on the Nordic region, that is, dominant conceptualisations of the Nordic region in contemporary Scotland in the context of the current Scottish nation-building project. Since the early 2000s, the Nordic region has received wide political attention and been presented as a viable and desirable role model for Scottish development by key political and social actors, including the Scottish Government and the Scottish National Party (SNP). This interest in the Nordic countries and the idea that they offer an alternative for Scotland which is line with dominant self-images of Scotland as egalitarian and social democratic has established itself as a central argument and aspect of the Scottish independence movement and the wider Scottish public debate. This article examines the historical development of the discourse on the Nordic region in Scotland, and its content by showing how the Nordic region is a multifaceted concept which intersects with Scottish nationalism and long-standing associations to the North. The Nordic region, in the Scottish context, is hence both a reality and a myth, a practical example and an idea. This dual quality is at the heart of the appeal and resilience of the Nordic region in contemporary Scotland, making the Nordic region Scotland’s main positive Other.  

Keywords

The Nordic region, Scottish nationalism, the Other, discourse, conceptualisations of North

References

Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.

Andersson, Jenny. 2009. «Nordic Nostalgia and Nordic Light: The Swedish Model as Utopia 1930-2007.» Scandinavian Journal of History 34 (3): 229-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750903134699

Bechhofer, Frank, and David McCrone, eds. 2009. National Identity, Nationalism and Constitutional Change. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234147

Bechhofer, Frank, and David McCrone. 2015. Understanding National Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bengtsson, Åsa, Kasper M. Hansen, Ólafur Þ. Harðarson, Marthe Narud, and Henrik Oscarsson. 2014. The Nordic Voter: Myths of Exceptionalism. Colchester: ECPR Press.

Berg, Laila. 2021. «'If they can do it, why can't we?' Popular Perceptions of the Nordic Region in Scotland.» Doctoral thesis, University of Oslo. https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/93316

Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.

Bryden, John, Erik Opsahl, Ottar Brox, and Lesley Riddoch. 2016. "Introduction." In Northern Neighbours: Scotland and Norway since 1800, edited by John Bryden, Ottar Brox and Lesley Riddoch, 1-26. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748696215-003

Byrkjeflot, Haldor. 2020. «En døende amerikansk drøm utfordrer bildet av Norden.» Aftenposten. October 24, 2020. https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/EpWGMj/en-doeende-amerikansk-droem-utfordrer-bildet-av-norden

Cairney, Paul, Malcolm Harvey, and Emily St. Denny. 2017. «Constitutional Change, Social Investment and Prevention Policy in Scotland.» In A Wealthier, Fairer Scotland, edited by Michael Keating, 110-128. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474416443-010

Chartier, Daniel. 2007. «Towards a Grammar of the Idea of North: Nordicity, Winterity.» Nordlit 22 (April): 35-47. https://doi.org/10.7557/13.1498

Childs, Marquis W. 1947 [1936]. Sweden: The Middle Way. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Davidson, Peter. 2005. The Idea of North. London: Reaktion Books.

Dickson, Tony. 1989. «Scotland is Different, OK?» In The Making of Scotland: Nation, Culture and Social Change, edited by David McCrone, Stephen Kendrick, and Pat Straw, 53-69, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

The Economist. 2013. «Northern Lights. Special Report: The Nordic Countries.» January 31, 2013. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2013/01/31/northern-lights?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18156330227&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gclid=Cj0KCQiA4uCcBhDdARIsAH5jyUl_6XyF4m3O8h7YyNNik0USOuTIF4zViMspz0vyYkFBNG6J7PpaPN0aAnV9EALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds

Fjågesund, Peter. 2014. The Dream of the North: A Cultural History to 1920. Amsterdam: Rodopi. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401210829

Hall, Stuart. 1996. «The Question of Cultural Identity.» In Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies, edited by Stuart Hall, David Held, Don Hubert, and Kenneth Thompson, 596-634. Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing.

Hamelin, Louis-Edmond. 1979 [1978]. Canadian Nordicity: It's Your North, Too. Translated by William Barr. Montreal: Harvest House Montreal.

Hassan, Gerry. 2014. Caledonian Dreaming: The Quest for a Different Scotland. Edinburgh: Luath Press.

Hassan, Gerry, and Simon Barrow, eds. 2017. A Nation Changed? The SNP and Scotland Ten Years On. Edinburgh: Luath Press.

Hearn, Jonathan. 2000. Claiming Scotland. National Identity and Liberal Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Hearn, Jonathan. 2017. Salvage Ethnography in the Financial Sector: The Path to Economic Crisis in Scotland. Manchester: Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719087998.001.0001

Ichijo, Atsuko, and Gordana Uȥelac, eds. 2005. When is the Nation? Towards an Understanding of Theories of Nationalism. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001509

Jackson, Ben. 2020. The Case for Scottish Independence: A History of Nationalist Political Thought in Modern Scotland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108883733

Jenkins, Richard. 2014. Social Identity. London: Routledge. 4th edition. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315887104

Jones, Peter. 1992. «Introduction.» In Anatomy of Scotland: How Scotland Works, edited by Magnus Linklater and Robin Denniston, 1-5. Edinburgh: Chambers.

Jørgensen, Marianne, and Louise Phillips. 2002. Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208871

Jørgensen, Dolly, and Virginia Langum. 2018. «Envisioning North from a Premodern Perspective.» In Visions of North in Premodern Europe, edited by Dolly Jørgensen and Virginia Langum, 1-11. Turnhout: Brepols. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.CURSOR-EB.5.114054

Keating, Michael, ed. 2017. Debating Scotland: Issues of Independence and Union in the 2014 Referendum. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198789819.001.0001

Keating, Michael, and Malcolm Harvey. 2014. Small Nations in a Big World: What Scotland Can Learn. Edinburgh: Luath Press.

Maxwell, Stephen. 2009. «Social Justice and the SNP.» In The Modern Scotland: From Protest to Power, edited by Gerry Hassan, 120-134. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639908.003.0010

McCrone, David. 1989. «Representing Scotland: Culture and Nationalism.» In The Making of Scotland: Nation, Culture and Social Change, edited by David McCrone, Stephen Kendrick and Pat Straw, 161-174. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

McCrone, David, Stephen Kendrick, and Pat Straw, eds. 1989. The Making of Scotland: Nation, Culture and Social Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

McCrone, David. 2017. The New Sociology of Scotland. London: SAGE Publications.

Nairn, Tom. 1977. The Break-up of Britain. London: Verso Books.

Newby, Andrew. 2009. «ʻIn Building a Nation few better examples can be foundʼ: Nordic and the Scottish Parliament.» Scandinavian Journal of History 34 (3): 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750903134749

Nielsen Østergaard, Jimmi, and Stuart Ward. 2015. «Three Referenda and a By-election: the Shadow of Empire in Devolutionary Politics.» In Scotland, Empire and Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century, edited by Bryan S. Glass and John. M. MacKenzie, 200-222, Manchester: Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719096174.003.0010

Petersoo, Pille. 2007. «Reconsidering Otherness: Constructing Estonian Identity.» Nations and Nationalism 13 (2): 117-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00276.x

Ram, Uri. 1994. «Narration, Erziehung und die Erfindung des jüdischen Nationalismus.» In Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 5 (2): 151-177.

Riddoch, Lesley. 2011. «Look North, Scotland.» The Guardian, December 5, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/05/north-scotland-nordic

Said, Edward W. 2019 [1978]. Orientalism. UK: Penguin Classics.

Scottish Government. 2013. Scotland's Future: Your Guide to an Independent Scotland. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. 26 November, 2013. https://www.gov.scot/publications/scotlands-future/

Scottish Government. 2017. All Points North: The Scottish Government's Nordic Baltic Policy Statement. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. September, 2017. https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/speech-statement/2017/09/points-north-scottish-governments-nordic-baltic-policy-statement/documents/00525147-pdf/00525147-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/00525147.pdf

Sturgeon, Nicola. 2020. «Scotland and Norway ʻnatural partnersʼ.» Scottish Government. January 8, 2020. https://www.gov.scot/news/scotland-and-norway-natural-partners/

Therborn, Göran. 1995. European Modernity and Beyond: The Trajectory of European Societies 1945-2000. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446222317

Triandafyllidou, Anna. 2002. «Chapter 2: National Identity Reconsidered.» In Negotiating Nationhood in a Changing Europe: Views from the Press (Studies in Social and Political Theory), edited by Anna Triandafyllidou, 25-54. Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press.

Wodak, Ruth, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, and Karin Liebhart. 2009. The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Wooldridge, Adrian. 2014. «Scottish Independence Essay: Nordic Model a Fantasy.» The Scotsman. August 13, 2014. https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/scottish-independence-essay-nordic-model-fantasy-1529166

Downloads

Published

2023-08-29

How to Cite

Berg, Laila. 2023. “‘Nordic Aspirations’: The Scottish discourse on the Nordic region”. Nordlit 51 (1):1-16. https://doi.org/10.7557/13.6867.

Issue

Section

Articles